Mientras en Colombia se escandalizan por la inclusión de preguntas explícitas en una encuesta estatal, así es la educación sexual en otros sistemas educativos.
A la sociedad colombiana le ofende que a los niños de 11 a 18 años les hagan preguntas tales como: “¿Ha tenido algún tipo de contacto genital, ya sea pene-vagina, pene-ano, pene-boca, o penetración con otro tipo de elementos y objetos?”. Ese fue uno de los interrogantes incluidos en la encuesta del Dane(anónima y obligatoria) sobre comportamiento sexual dirigida a estudiantes de colegio entre los grados sexto a once que desató la ira de algunos padres de familia y rectores de instituciones educativas esta semana.
El sondeo, que se realiza desde 2006, tiene el objetivo de extraer cifras para conocer los factores de riesgo social, individual y familiar que pueden suscitar que un menor sea víctima de abuso y explotación sexual, el embarazo adolescente y la pornografía infantil.
La pregunta ahora es por qué tanta indignación con una encuesta que puede ayudar a crear políticas de protección, indicaron a esta publicación fuentes de Medicina Legal que cada año investigan en promedio más de 10.000 casos de presunto delito sexual contra menores.
El lenguaje directo, explícito y de alto contenido sexual fue uno de los argumentos que alegaron los opositores a que la encuesta se siguiera realizando. El segundo razonamiento que brindaron fue que induce a los menores a experimentar.
Sin embargo, estos razonamientos se ajustan poco o nada con la realidad. Según informó el propio Dane, el 7,5 % de los niños menores de 13 años ya han tenido relaciones; al 9,4 % les han tocado alguna parte de su cuerpo sin consentimiento; 8,9 % han sido forzados a tener sexo y 3,9 % han recibido alguna gratificación por tener contactos sexuales.
Colombia tiene un serio problema: ni cuida a sus niños ni permite que se valore su situación para tomar cartas en el asunto. La Defensoría del Pueblo alertó recientemente en un informe que cada día se viola a 43 niños, pero sólo el 30 % de los casos se denuncia. Solo en 2015, 18.000 menores sufrieron de abuso sexual.
En caso del embarazo adolescente, al año 6.500 niñas menores de 14 años dan a luz en el país y 15.000 más entre los 14 y los 19 años, según el Ministerio de Educación.
Semana Educación analiza cómo se enseña educación sexual en otros tres países y los relaciona conlos índices de abuso sexual y embarazo infantil con el fin de concluir si, efectivamente, incluir los temas relacionados con el sexo incide o no en la disminución de estas dos variables.
Francia
Desde 1973 las escuelas del país galo imparten educación sexual. Los estudiantes reciben entre 30 y 40 horas a lo largo de su vida escolar obligatoria (6-16 años). De hecho, los colegios deben proporcionar a los estudiantes de grados 8 y 9 condones.
Se abordan temas como la sexualidad como función biológica y natural del ser humano, su aspecto psicosocial, diversidad cultural, orientación sexual y cambios sociales, sexuales y emocionales ligados a la adolescencia. También se hacen presentaciones sobre los diversos métodos anticonceptivos, enfermedades de transmisión sexual y se invita a reflexionar sobre las relaciones de pareja, amorosas, sexuales y la violencia de género.
Desde 2015, el gobierno francés realiza esfuerzos para promover el derecho de las mujeres a elegir el anticonceptivo que mejor se adapte a sus condiciones. Asimismo, a partir de este año, los estudiantes de primaria y secundaria (de 6 a 14 años) tendrán acceso a una reproducción de un clitóris en 3D para comprender mejor el funcionamiento del órgano femenino.
Cifras: Unicef no registra datos sobre abuso sexual a menores en sus informes sobre Francia, lo que no quiere decir que no sucedan, sino que no son cifras representativas a nivel estadístico. En cuanto a los embarazos en adolescentes, según el ente de Naciones Unidas, de cada 1.000 mujeres entre 15 y 19 años, se producen 22,6 embarazos.
Estonia
El país europeo empezó a introducir la educación sexual en los 90, de carácter voluntario. Desde 2006 forma parte del nuevo plan nacional de enseñanza y se imparte dentro de la asignatura obligatoria ‘Estudios humanos’, dirigida a menores de entre 7 y 14 años.
En total, los estudiantes reciben 35 lecciones repartidas en tres años escolares, de acuerdo a un informe de la UNFPA.
En entrevista con la Unesco, la doctora Kai Haldre, ginecóloga e investigadora de la Universidad de Tartu, explicó que la educación sexual en su país representa el 18 % del plan de estudios
El programa se revisó por última vez en 2010, en la que se incide en la prevención de los comportamientos de riesgo a la hora de mantener relaciones sexuales y se enfatiza en temas de salud sexual y reproductiva.
Asimismo, se enfoca en el desarrollo de conceptos tales como las relaciones consentidas, la igualdad de género, los comportamientos seguros en el sexo, la prevención del embarazo no deseado, la coacción, el abuso y la violencia sexual.
CIfras: Un informe de la Unesco sobre costos y beneficios de impartir educación sexual en Estonia indica que los índices de embarazos no deseados en menores de edad se han reducido en promedio un 60 % desde su implantación. Entre 2001 y 2009 se evitaron 13.490 “incidentes nocivos en materia de salud” entre embarazos en adolescentes y enfermedades de transmisión sexual.
India
No existe un currículo de educación sexual nacional, sí un proyecto con caracter todavía experimental que se desarrolla en seis estados del territorio. Uno de ellos es el de Orissa. El programa se inició formalmente en 2007 tras varias polémicas y oposición de los grupos conservadores.
Se desarrolla en escuelas de 30 distritos y se centra en la salud reproductiva y sexual. Lo imparten profesores de ciencias y ciencias sociales a niños de entre 13 y 16 años con una asistencia obligatoria. Son en total 34 horas disgregadas en tres años escolares.
Para su desarrollo se utilizaron instrumentos de evaluación tales como encuestas, ilustraciones y entrevistas personales con estudiantes sobre menstruación (tema tabú en la India), acoso sexual, género, enfermedades de transmisión sexual y abuso de drogas.
En 2014 la Unesco estimó que se había formado en educación sexual a 780.000 estudiantes.
Cifras: Según un informe de la ONG Human Rights Watch, en la India se denuncian 7.200 casos de abuso sexual infantil al año, aunque existe un subregistro ya que, en la mayoría de los casos, se esconden para proteger el honor de la familia. En cuanto a los embarazos adolescentes, entre el 30 y el 47 % de las menores de edad en la India tienen un hijo antes de cumplir los 18 años.
Conclusión general
Mientras en países como Francia y Estonia, ambos con modelos estatales de educación sexual los datos hablan de un descenso de las cifras de violencia contra los menores, en la India, que carece de programas centralizados, los números siguen siendo dramáticos.
Cabe preguntarse entonces si resulta más eficiente habituar a los niños a hablar de sexo desde edades tempranas como formula para reducir los índices de abuso sexual y embarazo adolescente o, por el contrario, mantener una lógica de negación ante los hechos. Los datos hablan por si solos.
Fuente: Revista Semana
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